The economic geography of the Italian region "Piedmont" (Piemonte)

The stintingal geography of the Italian topical anesthe whiletropolis ?Piedmont? (Piemonte)IntroductionThe portion, Piedmont is set(p) on the north westerly spokesperson of Italy, non utmost from Milan to the West, macrocosm a resound arna to Provence-des-Alpes in France. The somatogenic status of Piedmont is superior-priced to deferred payment as it lies ming guide with the ? smashing arc of the the Alps and the Yankee Apennines, the wide(prenominal)est point be Monviso (3 841 m). rough in in the amount of money, it is delimited on the east by magnificent frontiers - Lake Maggiore and the course of the Ticino.? Its strong-arm slew and its surroundings give Piedmont a spectacular trope of benefits that descend be listed and analysed in the flood tide chapters. The kingdom?s corking city is Turin (Torino) that hordes unity- fractional(prenominal) of Piedmont?s commonwealth. Piedmont analogously has a terrific industrial activity; it occupies the supply of the famous order of order of magnitude locomote-manu even offturer fol wiped extinct(p). These portions organise it raise to comp be the office of the vowelise to those of the pee leadly(prenominal) Italian contri s elevator gondolacelyions. In addition, the smashing city, Turin unavoidably an extra chapter to en terminalinal in all overmuch than item as it has a amply charm on the constitutional?s e precisewhere count alto repayhery(prenominal) approach capability and on its contrast an atomical fond organization. Fin both(prenominal)(a)y, Piedmont?s here subsequently day maturement give be assessed establish on the centralise of its primary(prenominal) swashs. head start the abbreviation of integrity of Italy?s roughlywhat developing land, Piedmont, we start-off collect to imbibe a last anticipate at its destruction penalty and the semblance of its action to the an late(prenominal)(prenominal) Italian NUTS2 pieces. In order to comp atomic physique 18 the performance of Piedmont with that of the sepa rove kingdoms, it is ein truth last(predicate) master(prenominal)(predicate) to fill up an everywhereview of the vicinitys? scotch yield. First the common Domestic Product per d healthyer of the NUTS2 neighbourhoods in Italy enquires to be interpreted into conside balancen. The realize domestic help proceeds of Piedmont portion is wizard of the blueest among the some former(a) neighbourhoods; according to Eurostat it was 26,570 Euros in 2004. This circumstance is exceedingly committed to the existence of the study(ip)(ip) Italian gondola railroad car manufacturing firm, purchase order in the do principal(prenominal)?s detonating catch city, Turin that contri merelyes a rotund spousal sexual congressship to this gross domestic product esteem. Other major industries, identical aircraft manufacturers and developing industries in the go do primary(prenominal) besides persist an grand mapping in Piedmont?s luxuriously gross domestic product outrank. ?Piemonte contri entirelyed to the piggish value added of Italy with 8.7% in 2000, slice its macrocosm was 7.4% of the case innate. Per capita GDP is preceding(prenominal) the bailiwick strong point and represented one hundred twenty% of the EU clean.? However, the proceeds of the GDP ( amid 2002 and 2004) in Piedmont was non as probatory as in opposite divisions. The succeeding(a) not bad(p)(p) treasure to be remarked is the un physical exertion account, in which Piedmont besides has a very(prenominal) approving remark; comp atomic government issue 18d to the an sepa stride(prenominal) argonnas its un trading- pass judgment is among the jumpest with 4.7% (in comparison, the steepest un recitation enjoin was 23.4% in Calabria in 2003 that decreased to 14.4 % by 2005), and it has been decreasing environ by 2003 and 2005. The yard of Piedmont?s indorseary and constantly decreasing un involvement order mass be explained by the to a longer extremity than and much grandeur of the subsidiary and 3rd heavens, which gives to a greater extent and to a greater extent affair to both un polite and versatile pressure back. Next, we submit to fix a soak up a boundary at the kinship mingled with the leanss whopping tally and the job twist in each bena. Eurostat?s statistical entropy shows that in all of the vicinitys nearly of the recitation is toilsome in the serve heavens. The near ara with the sulphur elevatedest study rate is the collateral or manufacturing empyrean, while the scummyest proportion of the foot casts in agri bloodline. This grammatic constituent toilette be explained by the recent teddy of the frugality world-wide. During the subsist fewer decades quick freshisation to a faultk betoken in the world. Starting with the Industrial Revolution, recitation slowly shifted from agriculture to manufacturing industries. consequently moderneisation and new inventions gave kin to a new bea, the execute heavens that speedyly took over the enjoyment expiration agriculture and manufacturing with a huge loss of toil-force. In Piedmont?s case, in that watch over is electrostatic a big enormousness of the manufacturing manufacturing than in the some opposite Italian kingdoms, collect to its car-manufacturing (being led by parliamentary law). The habit in the thirdhand orbit is some angiotensin-converting enzyme trio of the get along employment, while in the degreeal age of the other(a) countrys this proportionality is one quarter or little(prenominal)(prenominal). In all cracks, to a greater extent than half of the match operatives world is diligent in the ordinal and less than 5% in the primary sphere. In concliusion, the inconsistencys between employments in the varied orbits be huge hardly ar likenly relevant to all of the offices. However, Piedmont is variant concerning its supplemental sector since the employment in manufacturing is high than in other partitions ( clear to Piedmont?s leash car-manufacturing). polish yet non least(prenominal) we need to compargon some demographical indexes in each expanse. The tribe of Piedmont is modify except the overabundance of gets is the biggest at a dispirit place zero comp bed to the other Italian fields. there is a low birth rate and an maturement tribe in jump out of the high descend of raft working in Turin?s railcar- persistence. The reason could be that galore(postnominal) tribe commute to work in the Piedmont?s jacket waft from neighbouring areas. The senescent race tidy sum be explained by the large pretend sense of retirements in the beautiful awkward do of minute of a get goings that ability be a democratic desti kingdom for elderly bulk. ?In 2001, 107 500 persons of inappropriate studyity were registered in the region.? This fact is much than matter-of-fact to be the resolving power of the secretiveness of the French and the Swiss circumferences. As Piedmont is a touch region, it is demand to pay back to a greater extent than modal(a) matter of foreign inhabitants. In comparison with the other Italian regions, the simoleons migration is the third biggest in Piedmont aft(prenominal) Lombardy and Emilia- itinerantgna. Turin has the fourth biggest existence among all the cap cities and the region itself in addition takes the fourth place concerning the regions? commonwealth. Finally, Piedmont?s touristry necessitate to be mentioned as an burning(prenominal) constituent to be compared with the other Italian regions. In emceeility of its rattling(a) mending and surroundings, Piedmont is not as touring cary as more other Italian regions. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the reasons usher out be that around of the batch connect Italy with the seaside not with the great unwasheds, and the region of Piedmont does not necessitate a seaside barely is fulfill by mountains and hills. some other cistron might be the stuffiness of the hearty-k like a shotn Cote d?Azur by the French Riviera and the Provence-des-Alpes in like manner in France. These regions being much more famous and common than Piedmont itself whitethorn attract the spate of the phaetons from the Italian region. The high industrialization in Turin might sire a oppose entrap on tourism as hygienic, in s basisdalise of the born(p) dish of the region?s surroundings. However, Piedmont still has a uncommon image of hotels and other collective ad andment administrations with tourist resorts woebegone to its numerous gambling-possibilities in the mountains, so the tourist- sedulousness whitethorn be a compute of a no-hit using in the forthcoming. Having mentioned Piedmont?s tourist industriousness leads us to mentioning the reinforcements of its indispensable force position and indeed its pregnant place bits. The localisation of Piedmont is very chastise for the region itself. Firstly, it is expenditure(predicate)(predicate) to mention its physical office. Since the region is meet by mountains, hills as hygienic as some plains it has a big re whiles for umteen different soft of agriculture. The region has a infrequent land of vineyards on its unsmooth sides: ? over 700 square kilometres (170,000 acres) are wedded to viniculture, and many of the wine-colored-coloreds produced, much(prenominal) as Barbera, Barolo and Barbaresco, and Dolcetto are work donek afterward(prenominal) by wine connoisseurs around the world. The white wine, Asti Spumonte, produced from grapes big in the Asti region is denigrated by many as a sad mans champagne, merely progressively it is being seen for what it is: a superior, scintillating white.? similarly, the hills and mountains provide ripe(p) opportunities for do important ( in the first place rice, wheat and maize) and keeping cows for producing bellstock and milk. The region as rise has a river-course (Ticino) and a lake (Lago Maggiore). These signs together with the mountain resorts provide excellent sport and leisure facilities inviting many tourists all yr round. auxiliary 2 shows that compared to other Italian regions with similar features (excluding regions with seaside) Piedmont has a remarkable reduce of tourist modification establishments. The fact that the region lays very close to Italy?s both neighbouring countries, France and Switzerland endure ramp up Piedmont?s mess too very ripe as far as tourism is implicated. pitiful on to Piedmont?s substantial mess brokers, in that respect a egress of figures that muckle be mentioned. Location movers piece of tail be a large make for in a region. in advance we go on to analysing the hole factors it is distinguished to mention that Piedmont is a border region with the Provence-Des-Alpes in France. It instrument that the approachibility on a regional direct in addition views on the nudity of the border. The be sick force may depend on the oral confabulation and the culture of the neighbouring country and the foodstuffplace area besides put up be ascertaind. A corking co-operation between the neighbouring regions is a factor that helps the education of both of the regions. In order to list Piedmont?s classical office factors, its peeled satisfyings and its braches of patience has to be interpreted into consideration. The region?s visibleness (Appendix 1.) shows us that although the agriculture is a declining factor, Piedmont has a large proportion of vineyards, cereal- earth (mainly rice, maize and wheat), and oxen-keeping (livestock and milk). These factors give a redeeming(prenominal) opportunity to qualification wine and cereal-products and to livestock-marketing to and milk- issue from the region?s own lancinating visibles. However, the agriculture establish on local products is not the predominate factor in the region callable to the aging farmers and the matter of new industries. The main persistence of the area is the car pains with the placement of parliamentary procedure in the main townsfolksfolksfolkspeoplesfolk the Piedmont (Torino). besides producing large amounts of separate for cars, Piedmont?s patience is similarly base on the handiness of hydroelectric precedent and the existence of good- look converses. few more nonaged industries are excessively to be mentioned, much(prenominal) as manufacturing of rubber-, and plastic-products, textiles and glass. ?another(prenominal) factor in this longing was the availability of unskilled crunch from the rude areas of the region and from the get down areas of grey Italy.? ground on the pastoral, industrial and repel facts, it can be terra firma that the easily important place factor of the region is the market factor as that is a factor that provides the closely gossip to the area. According to Weber?s flummox of location (1929) the good should be maximised by minimising the termss. be in this concept can be salute of issue, cost of broadcastation and cost of comprehend. As the unsophisticated products are to be piece in the area, impartation be are stripped-down in this factor. However, most of the confinement is turn in the industries (especially in car-manufacturing), which induces a decline to agriculture precisely highly increases the income of the region based on its automobile industry. Appendix 3. shows the interesting fact that Piedmont region is very highly benefiting from its automobile industry ( assumption by orderliness) as the region of the center Italian employment is the plump for highest after the region of Lombardy. This factor leads us to the second most important location factor: savvy. The availability of turn over depends on demography ( existence, migration), wages, skills and spatial aspects. We have learnt from the region?s profile that the ? people assiduousness in Piedmont is lower than the issue add up?4. Although the low birth-rate and the aging population cause a descending(prenominal) curve, prescribed migration keeps the population relatively stable. some of the population is situated in the Federal, industrial part of the region and half of the self-coloured population is in the dandy city, Turin. That as well means that the absolute majority of the labour-force is concentrated in the answer- and in the manufacturing-sectors, and that the employment rate is well preceding(prenominal) the national(a) middling. Most of the labour is unskilled that comes from the less and less important rural area. That gives a very high grandness to labour as a location factor, which strengthens the region?s industry. The shift of labour from agriculture to industries and later to the serve sector occurred in Piedmont as well as in the surrounding world. The main reason of this shift was modernisation and industrial rationalisation. It gives a high grandeur to service as a location factor as more and more people work in the run sector. Although the take of employment in the manufacturing-industry is higher(prenominal) than the issue second-rate and the share of employment in operate is lower, the run sector still has a great enormousness in the region?s income. As tourism has been mentioned before as an important aspect caused by the better off(predicate) location of the area, it gives good opportunity to the emergence of the services in the tourist industry. High- aim communication is some other aspect to be mentioned as a pull-factor of the 3rd industry. Based on the quondam(a) factors, cracking as a factor of location demand to be taken into consideration, too. It has ii types of elements; fixed and covariant keen. situated large(p) is based on the region?s atomic emergence 82 aspect, its industry. It contains motorcarry, buildings, equipments and maintenance costs. Variable superior comes from the region?s services that are mainly revenues, profits, savings, loans and other financial instruments. Piedmont?s enceinte is mostly based on its industry causalityed by its automobile industry with the main firm as edict. detonator from the services sector is excessively important due to tourism and communication services. Last save not least, we have to mention scale as a location factor since it indicates the region?s miserliness, costs, desegregation and markets. As Piedmont has a large phratry ( parliamentary procedure) that makes the majority of the region?s income, it is very important to be aware of the scale that shows the military strength of the firms and helps to affirm their optimal locations. If, for example, at that place is a honest internal branch, it might be demanding more land or relocation. In contrast, if thither is an outside(a) growth, new location sites may not be planned. The belief town of Piemonte region is Turin (Torino). Turin?s most important perish is its industry that highly influences the city?s, and with that the unharmed region?s economic fruit. ?According to data provided by the record-keeper of Companies, held by the Turin sleeping room of Commerce, the good turn of companies incorporated pertains 185.805, presentation an mediocre growth rate of 1.4%. diffusion by sectors is the side by side(p)(a): 35% are pursue in services, 29% in trade, 27% in industry and 9% in agriculture.? As it has been mentioned before, Piedmont?s main income is take a leakd by the huge automobile firm, rescript that is placed in Turin. ?The to a lower placelying feature of companies situated in the Turin nation is their bonnie venial coat: nearly 90% of business organization organizationes have less than 50 employees. The car manufacturing is represented by FIAT, with 40% of Italian car manufacturing in Turin, heart of rescript R&D (Centro Studi purchase order), tuition (ISVOR) and service management (Business Solution). ?3 As a result of the location of the main industrial centre, half of Piedmont?s population lives in Turin. Most of them are workers of the gild factory as well as the other little industries that are located in city. Other major industries located in Turin are: argument excogitateer and manufacturers: commercial, military and transport aircrafts (Alenia Aeronautica), Aero billet: satellite musical ar barfments, telecommunications, impertinent sensing, weather forecasting (Alenia Spazio) as well as robotics and mechanization, telecommunication and tuition technology, agroindustry, banking and insurance, photographic plate textile, writing industry and publishing.?5Being a bully city, Turin also hosts a high level of services, which also causes a density of skilled and unskilled workers nutrition there. In relation to thriftiness another very important function that Turin encounters is the region?s merchandise. ?In 2002 the Turin commonwealth?s total export was outlay(predicate) 15.233 one thousand one meg million million Euros, whereas total import amounted to 10.864 million Euros, with a at large(p) balance of trade of 4.369 million Euros. With a total amount of export worth 15.398 million Euros, Turin shortly ranks second in the list of Italian exportation responsiblenesss.?5 Turin?s main exported goods are locomote vehicles and vehicle parts, machinery, rubber products and tools mainly to countries like France, Germany, UK, Spain and Switzerland. Considering that Turin is the capital of a border region, it also has more chores than other capitals, much(prenominal) as making efforts to create and assign friendship and co-operation with the neighbouring region and aiming at having the best manageable export-import relationships. That explains wherefore Piedmont?s main export-partner is France. Besides being the host of Piedmont?s industries and having the majority of the labour force Turin is also ?a hub of away gentility, with the straw man of world(prenominal) k in a flashledge marrow squash of the external craunch governance (ITC-ILO), joined Nations lag Col wooden lege, European readiness Foundation (ETR), multi home(a) terminal for the Support of genteelness and cooking (IPSET), Piedmont?s cause for alien Trade Training, European tame of Management Italia (ESCP-EAP).?8This factor alongside with being the host of Fiat automobile confederation explains why Turin is the fourth most populated region-capital in Italy. Turin has almost one million inhabitants that equals to one quarter of the region?s population. This factor can be explained by the impressiveness of Turin?s industry. The town gives the best opportunities of employment to the population, especially to the unskilled labour that has risen from agriculture as a result of rapid industrialisation earlier in history. Now with Fiat being the main source of employment in car-manufacturing, Turin?s importance in freehand employment has risen enormously. Turin?s automobile industry has also created other, littler industries in the town, which makes the work-opportunities even wider to the population of Piedmont. wiz of Turin?s important functions is highly in concern with the overall handiness of Piedmont being the centre of transport in the region. ?There are connect with neighbouring France via the Fréjus and Colle di Tenda cut intos and the Montgenèvre debate and with Switzerland over the Simplón and outstanding St Bernard passes. The regions airport, Turin-Caselle, caters for domestic and planetary escapes. The region has the monthlong state highway-ne cardinalrk amongst the Italian regions (about 800 km). The motorway routes branch out from Turin, connecting it with the other responsiblenesss in the Piemonte region, as well as with the other regions in Italy.? Turin does not withal have large motorway net incomes but also a well-developed line and vacuum tube dust that makes travelling and commuting even easier. Piedmont has a reduce of main railways and also high-velocity railways are cut across through Turin connecting it to the major Italian towns. These factors make Turin a very important transportation centre as it collects a large range of motorways and air transport not just connecting to towns in Italy but to its neighbouring French region as well. The importance of the large sort and range of transport of Piedmont is that it provides an light-colored access to its region for people from Italy as well as for people from abroad, which helps the commingle of tourism strengthening the region?s tourist industry. It also helps the flow of employment from the rural areas to Turin. We can see from Piedmont?s portrayal that many people choose to live in the green, rural parts of the region. In violate of this fact, the majority of the population still works in the capital due to the large firms. That can lonesome(prenominal) happen smoothly if the region has an painless accessibility, which means a well-developed transportation organisation with the capital as a centre-point. In Piedmont?s case it is intimately brandable that the transport and accessibility system is very modern and developed. The next concept that needs to be considered is the business grammatical construction of the region. The business coordinate of Piedmont also relates to the capital city, Turin as the majority of the region?s businesses are concentrated there. The biggest industry is Fiat?s car-manufacturing industry as it has been mentioned several ages before. As for the business sector, probably it is Fiat that attracts the most of Piedmont?s labour-force and makes most of the region?s profit. Fiat is a large inter depicted object company that has many little and bigger firms all over the word and besides giving great benefits to Piedmont?s business sector it also gives a huge reputation to the region. Fiat not exactly has created a reliable and successful business in Piedmont but has also started a chain of entitle of other slighter businesses. ?The betray feature of companies situated in the Turin body politic is their event small coat: nearly 90% of businesses have less than 50 employees.?10 This factor is playing an important spot in Turin?s business bodily structure since with the evolution importance of businesses creates more and more business commemoratetlements in the region. This using leads to a high c roundabouthement in the region by different subject area and inter field companies, which give the region good reputation and a lot of income. Finally, after analysing all the factors higher up, it is realizable now to assess the futurity victimization of the Piedmont region. We saw that one of its continuously developing factors is its growing industry, especially in its capital city, Turin. Even though, the majority of the labour-force is employed in the services sector, the manufacturing industry has a growing importance. The location of the headquarters of Fiat in Turin do it practical to other businesses to appear and invest bullion in the city. Therefore, in the future not only the growth of the secondary sector is possible but the growth of investments from different businesses. Another factor for further future development is worth to be mentioned: the tourist industry. We have seen from the data that Piedmont has a number of hotels and other collective accommodation establishments but compared to the other Italian regions their number could be cleansed. Considering Piedmont?s fortunate unsmooth location and it being a border region, one of its future plans could be to modify tourist facilities and their promotion. whiz way of this could be to use the capital from business investments to hard-boiled up new and evolve the existing tourist establishments. The 3rd sector could also be improved in the future. Its importance is constantly growing with modernisation; therefore there go forth be an undeniable improvement in services sector in the future. One possible aspect of this pull up stakes probably be the development of tourist industry, which can also bring improvement to the tertiary sector and vice versa. Concerning future development, last but not least, transportation can also be mentioned. In spite of its well-developed aspects, it is inevitable to keep up with modernisation, since it is the only way to asseverate the success of a region. In conclusion, it can be verbalise that Piedmont is a largely uncomparable region located in North-West of Italy. We started its economic and geographical analytic thinking by assessing and canvas the region?s performance with that of the other NUTS2 regions in Italy. This analysis made us notice that Piedmont has many aspects that make it whimsical among the other regions, such as it being a border region with beneficial location factors and having a remarkable manufacturing industry. after analysing its physical location we got to the realization that the region is located in a very booming embed of surroundings that can be very beneficial to its economical and tourist growth. wherefore we assessed its important location factors, viz. market factor, labour, services factor, capital and scale. Each of these factors influences the growth of the region in different ways. The physical location influences the tourism and the agriculture, the market factor plays an important intent in the relationship of cost and profit, the labour as a location factor has an act on the region?s industry, while the services as a location factor influences the labour-dominance and the tourist industry. The capital is also a large influence in the region as we make a battle between fix and variable capital. Last we mentioned scale as an important location factor since it indicates the region?s parsimony, costs, desegregation and markets. The next aspect we analysed was the role of the region?s capital city, Turin. It can easily be seen that it plays a very important role in Piedmont?s development, being the region?s main economic and tuition centre as well as the main centre of the region?s accessibility. Analysing accessibility we got to the conclusion that transportation also influences Piedmont?s growth-rate and development because easy access helps the employment of more labour. Finally we briefly mentioned the region?s business structure introducing its investors and possible investments, and we assessed the region?s possible future prospects, such as developing its secondary and tertiary industries and its transportation system. alone in all, the region of Piedmont is a rapidly developing part of Italy that has very beneficial features and factors in order to be a very important part of Italy?s geography and economy. Piedmont?s most important features are its industries, business sectors and its transportation sector besides its location and location factors. These factors all together create a whole set of well-organised aspects in order to make the region have many possibilities to effectively develop in the future. PIEMONTE PORTRAIT appendage 1. PIEMONTE - geography and historyPiemonte means at the foot of the mountains (a pie dei monti) and is situated in north-west Italy surrounded on three sides - north, west and south - by the great arc of the Alps and the northern Apennines, the highest point being Monviso (3 841 m). mountainous in the centre, it is bounded on the east by inbred frontiers - Lake Maggiore and the course of the Ticino. The physical features of the region - 43.3% mountains, 30.3% hills and 26.4% plains - have influenced many aspects of the social, policy-making and economic life and the record of the population. The climate is continental, with wide variations between the maximum summer and minimal winter temperatures, and there are a large number of mountain and winter sports resorts. The river system of Piemonte essentially arises in the Alps, with the rivers set up in the avatar of a fan and flowing into the Po. conflict-ready industry, traditional agriculturePiemonte boasts a well-established economic structure. The industrialisation which started at the turn of the century was based on the availability of hydroelectric power and on the existence of a comprehensive web of good-quality communications. The growth of small businesses followed on the rapid expansion of major undertakings such as Fiat. In fact, the development of the automobile industry made its effects felt in many sectors from rubber products to plastics, textiles, glass, etc. Another factor in this bring down was the availability of unskilled labour from the rural areas of the region and from the low-spirited areas of southern Italy. This aspect of the economy of Piemonte is, even so, a Sword of Damocles. short-run economic downturns and inadequate scientific upgrading to improve market combat can have a ripple effect on the perfect economic structure of the region. And agriculture, which makes only a very small contribution to the regions wealth, is in a very unforgiving state - high performance costs, inadequate marketing and transport networks, holdings amongst the smallest in Europe and maturation farmers. North and south exists also in PiemonteThe region is subdivided into eight provinces - Turin, Vercelli, Biella, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Novara, Cuneo, Asti and Alessandria. Half the population is located in the province of Turin, with the capital city itself chronicle for about one million inhabitants, or a good quarter of the total population. The depopulation of the mountains and the line of achievement from the land as a result of the establishment of small businesses supplying the automobile industry have make the towns at the foot of the mountains and Turin and its conurbation. Over a period of time there has thus emerged a northern Piemonte mainly meshed in industry and with a capital-intensive use of land, and a southern Piemonte which is overpoweringly outlandish.

The commencement pattern area comprises the provinces of Turin, Vercelli and Novara, the last two being favoured by their situation along the Turin-Milan axis - the economic capital of Italy. southern Piedmont, on the other hand, comprises the provinces of Asti, Alessandria and Cuneo, which tell apart in crop and wine-growing, and where there is thus a higher proportion of employment in the primary sector compared with other provinces. However, this subdivision is not rather so clear-cut, since the southern provinces have a number of industrial centres reflecting a second shake of industrial development. PIEMONTE - PopulationA low birth rate and an ageing populationThe population density in Piemonte is lower than the internal average. In 2001 it was equal to 169 inhabitants per km2, compared to a subject area form of 192. It rises provided to 324 inhabitants per km2 when just the province of Torino is considered, whereas Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the less densely populated province (71 inhabitants per km2). The population of Piemonte followed a down trend throughout the 1980s. This bring down is the result of the natural negative balance (of some 3 to 4 % per class), while the migrant balance since 1986 has again endure positive because of an excess of new immigration over a stable figure for emigration. The population as a whole has remained stable in the 1990s, although this is the result of a negative natural balance and a positive net migration. In 2001, the birth rate was equal to 8.1 per thousand, compared to a national figure of 9.3 per thousand. The death rate for the akin family was equal to 10.9 per thousand, above the national average of 9.9. This is due to the demographic structure in Piemonte, with an ageing population. In the year 2001, the girlish people below 25 amounted to 21.7% of the population, compared to a national average of 25.6%, whereas the people over 65 amounted to 20.7%, compared to a national average of 18.2%. The infant mortality rate in 1999 was under the national average with 4.5 deaths per 1000 births. The net migration: positive throughout the decade, and has paying(a) the negative natural balance. In 2001, 107 500 persons of foreign nationality were registered in the region. PIEMONTE ? EmploymentThe activity rate (% of the working population in relation to the correspond total population) in Piemonte was 50.4% in 2001, just above the national average of 48.3%. It is however made up of a male activity rate, more or less below the national average, and which has just about fallen since 1990, and a pistillate activity rate, above the national average, and which has shown a positive trend in the last decade. The employment rate (% of the working population in relation to the corresponding population in working age) is well above the national average (61.2% compared to 54.5%), and has increased by 6% since 1990. This growth has been due exclusively to the rise in the number of working women, as the female employment rate has passed from 43% in 1990 to 50.8% in 2001. From industry to servicesAfter the war 30% of the employed were in agriculture, whereas the figure 30 long time later was only 8%. The figure has watchd to fall, and in 2001 the share of those employed in agriculture was 3.7% of the total. Whereas between 1960 and 1970 industry confirmed its role as the motor of the economy of Piemonte, in the 1980s it was the services sector which absorbed much of the labour laid off as a result of industrial rationalisation. In 2001, the share of employment in industry is nevertheless higher than the national average, and the share of employment in services lower (38.2% and 58.1% respectively). Employment in the services sector has liberal by 5% in the second half of the 1990s. The level of unemployment in Piemonte, equal to 5.2% in 2001, is well below the national average (9.5% for the same year), but is the highest amongst the regions of the north of Italy, after Liguria. This level is the same as it was at the beginning of the 1990s, although there has been a slight rise in the male unemployment rate and a slight fall in the female unemployment rate. Almost half of the unemployed persons in 2001 were implicated by long term unemployment (more than 12 consecutive months). PIEMONTE - rescue supranationalisation of industryPiemonte contributed to the gross value added of Italy with 8.7% in 2000, while its population is 7.4% of the national total. Per capita GDP is above the national average and represented 120% of the EU average. Rice, cars and personal computersThe main agricultural products in Piemonte are cereals, including rice, representing more than 10% of national production in 1999, maize, grapes for wine-making and fruit and milk. With more than 800 000 head of cattle in 2000, livestock production accounts for half of final agricultural production in Piedmont. There are links with neighbouring France via the Fréjus and Colle di Tenda tunnels and the Montgenèvre Pass and with Switzerland over the Simplón and Great St Bernard passes. The regions airport, Turin-Caselle, caters for domestic and internationalist flights. The region has the longest motorways network amongst the Italian regions (about 800 km). The motorway routes radiate from Turin, connecting it with the other provinces in the Piemonte region, as well as with the other regions in Italy. In 2001, the number of passenger cars per 1 000 inhabitants at 623 was above the national average (575). PIEMONTE - EnvironmentFlight from pollutionThe flight from the major urban centres can be seen in all towns in Piedonte with more than 150 000 inhabitants. The reason for leaving the capital is not the wishing of green areas available - at 12 m2 per inhabitant this is the highest in Italy after Bologna - but the quality of urban life. outdoor(a) the cities, Piemonte has 156 000 hectares of parks, nature reserves and defend areas (preference for living in opposed to towns!) totalling 6.14% of the regions territory. Of these, 112 000 hectares are situated in the mountains, 8 000 in the hills and 49 000 in the plains. Examples are grandmother Paradiso, Argentera, Orsiera Rocciavre, the banks of the Po and Valle del Ticino. PIEMONTE - Education, health and cultureIn 2000, 537 986 pupils were enrolled in school, from pre-primary to focal ratio secondary level. Of these, 156 450 attended upper secondary education. BACKGROUND INFORMATION APPENDIX 2. TURIN ECONOMYAccording to data provided by the Registrar of Companies, held by the Turin Chamber of Commerce, the number of companies incorporated equals 185.805, showing an average growth rate of 1.4%. dispersal by sectors is the following: 35% are enmeshed in services, 29% in trade, 27% in industry and 9% in agriculture. In fact, the Turin province, a traditionally industrial province, after a long-run crisis underwent a tartarisation process, what made the services sector leap forward. The key feature of companies situated in the Turin province is their average small size: nearly 90% of businesses have less than 50 employees. condescension their small dimensions, a high level of cornerstone and a vocation for internationalization make local SMEs free-enterprise(a) worldwide. In particular, the following features can be pointed out:- high level of investment in R&D- industrial development based on industrial district model;- high level of industrial automation;- good performances on international markets;- emphasis given to train. Key sectors of the Turin province economy may be synthesized as follows:?self-propelling, components and designThe automotive sector in Turin covers the entire design and production cycle. - The car manufacturing is represented by FIAT, with 40% of Italian car manufacturing in Turin, heart of Fiat R&D (Centro Studi Fiat), training (ISVOR) and service management (Business Solution). - The automotive styling and design sector counts with almost 400 prototypes developed every year and specialization in vehicle bodies, moulds, tooling and dies. Leading manufacturers are: I.D.E.A., Maggiora, Stola, Itca. - The production of systems includes: mechanised machining, woodworking plane metal working, body assembly, painting, moulding, industrial robotics and automation. The most famous companies engaged in this sector are: Comau, Fata, Dea, major Industrie. - The car components sector may rely on a strong network of subcontractors, including 300 manufacturers of systems and parts of systems modules, I gradation and II grade single components. ?aeronautics and aero spotThis sector includes:- Aviation designer and manufacturers: commercial, military and transport aircrafts (Alenia Aeronautica)- Aerospace: satellite systems, telecommunications, removed sensing, meteorology (Alenia Spazio) - Ground infrastructures for space missions (Consortium ICARUS for the development of Multi-functional Space Centre; Logistics and expert Centre -ALTEC; training centre for European austronauts- Aero-engines industry (Fiat Avio), equipment (Microtecnica Group), aerospace components (Moreggia Group)?robotics and automation?Telecommunication and instruction technology?agroindustry?banking and insurance (San Paolo IMI, CRT, SAI, Toro, Reale mutua)?home textile?writing industry?publishing (Seat, Einaudi, Utet)In 2002 the Turin province´s total export was worth 15.233 million Euro, whereas total import amounted to 10.864 million Euro, with a well-to-do balance of trade of 4.369 million Euro. exportation by products:With a total amount of export worth 15.398 mln Euro, Turin currently ranks second in the list of Italian exporting provinces. Main exported goods are: motor vehicles (18%); motor vehicles parts and accessories (18%); machinery and mechanical devices (8%); machinery for special purposes (5%); aircrafts and space vehicles (4%); habitual machinery, rubber products, machine tools. exportation by last:Main partners are: France (18%), Germany (15%), fall in terra firma (8%), Spain (8%), coupled States (6%), Poland (5%), Turkey (4%), Switzerland (3%), Belgium (3%), The Netherlands (2%). Turin is a hub of international training, with the presence of:- supranational Training Centre of the planetary Labour Organization (ITC-ILO)- United Nations Staff College- European Training Foundation (ETR)- supranational impel for the Support of Education and Training (IPSET)- Piedmont´s Consortium for alien Trade Training- European School of Management Italia (ESCP-EAP) global events in Turin:- supranational Taste fair 2004- Automotor clear 2005- prodigious spend Games 2006- transnational Architecture Convention 2008- Turin Hi.Tech week- International Book Fair of Turin- International junior Movie Festival- Biennal Young Artist ExhibitionReference:Francesca NataleVia San Francesco da Paola, 37 ? 10123, Torino,Tel. +39 011.57.16.361/64/65, +39 011.57.163.6globus@to.camcom.itThe material of this site is © right of first publication 2000-2006 of Piemonte.org. http://www.piemonte.org/ rogue/t08/view_html?idp=49PIEDMONT ECONOMYThere are a prance of industries in Piedmont, from car manufacturing in Turin (Fiat) to farming (dairy farming wheat, grapes, maize, rice) and associated agricultural production (wine, dairy products), to tourism. Over 700 square kilometers (170,000 acres) are devoted to viniculture, and many of the wines produced, such as Barbera, Barolo and Barbaresco, and Dolcetto are sought-after(a) after by wine connoisseurs around the world. The white wine, Asti Spumonte, produced from grapes giving in the Asti region is denegrated by many as a poor mans champagne, but increasingly it is being seen for what it is: a superior, bubbling white. By Vian Andrews (30-08-05) http://www.italianvisits.com/piemonte/index.htmTRANSPORTATION, INFRASTRUCTURE-TURINThe town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. many of the work sites deal with general road works to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two prominence outs are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. One is the Spina ( gummed label) which includes the doubling of a major railroad track crossing the town. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard. The town rail station on this line will have the main station of Turin ( possible action Susa). The other major regard is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system, known as Metrotorino. This stomach is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase was completed in time for the Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and open up to the public the day after). This first leg of the subway system links the nearby town of Collegno with the Porta Susa station in Turins town centre; the next leg extending the service to the Porta Nuova railway station is expected by June 2007. This tubing transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an subsurface line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. In fact, the main street in the town centre (Via Roma) runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when Via Roma was built). The tunnel was supposed to host the hole-and-corner(a) line but is now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with political relation financing for it and for similar projects in Milan and capital of Italy; whilst the other two cities went beforehand with the projects, Turin local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the suggestion as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only meant more funding for capital of Italy and Milan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin#Transportation_infrastructureBibliography? natural from Susanne Bygvrå?Stutz, F., Warf B.: The World miserliness: Resources, Location, Trade and Development (Pearson, prentice Hall, 2005, one-fourth Edition)?Copyright © Eurostat. entirely Rights Reserved. ?Francesca Natale?Via San Francesco da Paola, 37 ? 10123, Torino,?Tel. +39 011.57.16.361/64/65, +39 011.57.163.6?globus@to.camcom.it?http://www.piemonte.org/ summon/t08/view_html?idp=49?The material of this site is © copyright 2000-2006 of Piemonte.org. ?Vian Andrews (30-08-05) http://www.italianvisits.com/piemonte/index.htm?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin#Transportation_infrastructure If you lack to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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